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Solo (Stockhausen)
''Solo'' for a melody instrument with feedback is a work for a soloist with live electronics (four technician assistants) composed in 1965–66 by Karlheinz Stockhausen. It is Nr. 19 in his catalogue of works. Performance duration can vary from 10½ to 19 minutes.
==History==
''Solo'' was first sketched in 1964 and is closely related to ''Plus-Minus'', ''Momente'', and ''Mikrophonie I'' . It was composed in March and April 1966 on a commission from the Japanese broadcasting network Nippon Hoso Kyokai, and was premiered in two different versions on 25 April 1966 in a public concert at the NHK in Tokyo which also featured the world premiere of Stockhausen's ''Telemusik''. The soloists were Yasusuke Hirata, trombone, and Ryū Noguchi, flute; the assisting technicians were Akira Honma, M. Nagano, Shigeru Satō, and the director of the NHK studio, Wataru Uenami. The score is dedicated to Alfred Schlee, the director of the Vienna branch of Universal Edition .
For the Tokyo premiere a special table with adjustable guide rollers was constructed, to enable different delay times for the tape playback. In subsequent performances a single tape was threaded through seven tape recorders, and eventually an apparatus was constructed especially for ''Solo'' in the Institute for Sonology at the University of Utrecht. However, this piece of equipment remained private property and was not made available for hire . By 1970 computers were already considered as a replacement for the tape delay, but was regarded prohibitively expensive . Twenty years later, after initial difficulties, one such version was made at IRCAM in 1992, using Max/MSP on a NeXT computer, and successfully performed in public in February and March 1993. In March 1998 this program was adapted to run on commercially available computers. Pre-programming on the computer can fulfill the functions originally assigned to the assistant technicians, thus requiring only a single assistant to control the sound . In notes for a 2002 performance also using a computerised system, Stockhausen acknowledged the IRCAM version, emphasising that it was done live, but nevertheless concluded that "It will still be a long time until young musicians … will be able to learn the interpretation of SOLO with suitable mobile apparatuses" . Bass clarinetist Jason Alder performed "Solo" in June 2010 in Amsterdam, and subsequently in later concerts, in this way. By developing a Max/MSP patch to run on his laptop, he is able to perform the piece anywhere without the original equipment constraints .
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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